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DMV > Driver Services > Driver Licensing > PA Driver's Manual - Audio Version. Who Needs a Pennsylvania Driver's License? Junior Learner's Permit Information. Directions: The Knowledge Test will measure your knowledge of traffic signs, Pennsylvania’s driving laws and safe driving practices. The Knowledge Test can be given in oral form and in Spanish, upon request, at all Driver License Centers across the commonwealth.

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1 Pennsylvania Driver s Manual (English Version) 80 Department of Transportation Driver and Vehicle Services Pub. 95 (10-01)

2 Poster by: Lynnsy Stepler, 10th Grade, Home School, Perry County as part of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board s Alcohol Awareness Education Program

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7 INTRODUCTION This manual is designed to help you become a safe driver. It presents many of Pennsylvania s laws governing driving. It should be used as a general guide to the laws but not as a substitute for the Vehicle Code, which contains the laws affecting Pennsylvania s drivers and vehicles. It should also be noted that the information contained in this manual is subject to change. The purpose of this manual is to prepare you to take the driver s examination and to obtain a Pennsylvania driver s license. However, the rules of the road and traffic operation principles presented in this manual apply to the three types of vehicles recognized by Pennsylvania law: bicycles, horse-drawn vehicles and motor vehicles. For example, ALL bicyclists, just like motorists, are required to stop at red lights. If you are now learning to drive, this manual will give you all the information you need to study for the driver s examination. If you already have a Pennsylvania driver s license, you can use this manual to review some of the rules of the road that you may have forgotten or to learn about some of the rules that may be new or have changed since you received your license. Driving is a privilege and not a right. This privilege comes with many responsibilities. One very important responsibility is that you never mix drinking and driving. For the days and hours of operation of a Driver License Center near you, please call Read this manual carefully, become a safe driver and enjoy your driving privilege in our beautiful state. Courtesy of Pennsylvania Department of Transportation THIS PUBLICATION IS NOT FOR SALE

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9 Table of Contents Chapter I - Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Information Applying for a Learner s Permit and Driver s License Tests Chapter II - Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Signals Signs Pavement Markings Chapter III - Learning to Drive Vehicle Safety and Emissions Inspection Preparing to Drive Developing Your Driving Skills Adjusting Speed Special Circumstances Emergency Driving Skills Keeping in Shape for Driving Trip Planning Chapter IV - Driving Record Information Pennsylvania s Point System Crashes Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol or a Controlled Substance Underage Drinking Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act Driver s License Compact (DLC) Chapter V - Laws and Important Issues Required Notification for Change in Name or Address Seat Belt Law Child Restraint Law Air Bag Safety Information Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Parking Areas for Persons with Disabilities Organ Donor Designation Anti-Littering Law Bicycle Helmet Law Passengers in an Open Bed Truck Chapter VI - References Customer Call Center Road Test and Special Point Examination Appointments Customer Correspondence Mailing Address Departmental Forms and Publications Internet Statewide and County Maps Information on Other Programs

10 Chapter I NON-COMMERCIAL LEARNER S PERMIT INFORMATION This chapter will provide the information you need to know about obtaining a Pennsylvania learner s permit. The areas addressed include: Applying for a Learner s Permit Tests APPLYING FOR A LEARNER S PERMIT You must obtain a learner s permit before you operate a motor vehicle in Pennsylvania. When you are 16 years of age, or older, please follow the steps listed below in order to get your Non-Commercial Learner s Permit. 1. Please complete the front of the Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application (DL-180) found in the front of this manual. Print clearly and neatly in black or blue ink. This form may be completed no earlier than 60 days prior to your 16th birthday. 2. Your medical provider must complete the back of the Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application (DL-180). The form must be completed by a D.O. (Doctor of Osteopathy), M.D. (Medical Doctor), C.R.N.P. (Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner), P.A. (Physician s Assistant), or an O.S. (Osteopathic Physician & Surgeon). All information must be completed. If the examiner cannot determine whether the information on the Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application meets medical standards, your learner s permit may be delayed. You may be required to undergo additional medical examinations. If you have a condition that seriously impairs your ability to drive, you may be required to get a dual control learner s permit and learn to drive with a certified instructor. 3. If you are under 18 years of age your parent, guardian, person in loco parentis or spouse who is 18 years of age or older must complete the Parent or Guardian Consent Form (DL-180TD) also found in the front of this manual. Proper Identification is required and if last names are different, verification of relationship is needed. 4. You will need to take and pass the following three (3) tests to get your license: Vision, Knowledge and Road Tests. After studying the manual and following the steps listed above, bring the items listed below to the Driver License Center when you are ready to take your Knowledge Test: Your completed Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application (DL-180) DO NOT MAIL THIS FORM (If under 18 years of age, also bring your completed Parent or Guardian Consent Form (DL-180TD)), Proof of date of birth and identification. These documents must be originals (photocopies will NOT be accepted). The only acceptable proof of identification can be found on the back of the DL-180 (Non- Commercial Learner s Permit Application), Your social security card or acceptable proof of your social security number (e.g. a letter from the Social Security Administration), Military ID (you must bring original, photocopies will not be accepted), Your check or money order made payable to Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT) for the correct amount. CASH CAN NOT BE ACCEPTED. Please Note: FORMS OF IDENTIFICATION that may be used to prove your date of birth are listed on the back of the Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application (DL-180) along with the dollar amounts owed. (All birth certificates/certification of birth must be state issued). At the Driver License Center, your vision will be tested. If you wear glasses or contact lenses, please bring them with you.you will then take the Knowledge Test on signs, laws, driving rules and practices described 1

11 Chapter I later in this manual. After passing the Knowledge Test, the examiner will give you a learner s permit which is valid for one (1) year. When you receive your learner s permit, you may begin to practice driving. If you are under the age of 18, you are required to complete at least 50 hours of behind-the-wheel skill-building before taking your Road Test. This training will help teach you the skills necessary to become a good, safe driver. After you have waited the mandatory 6 months from your permit issue date and have a signed certificate of completion for the 50 hours of skill-building, you may take your Road Test. If your learner s permit expires or if you do not pass your Road Test after three (3) tries, you may obtain an Application to Add/Extend/Replace/Change/Correct Non-Commercial Learner s Permit (Form DL-31). REMEMBER: A driver licensed in Pennsylvania who is at least 21 years of age or a spouse, guardian, or parent who is at least 18 years of age must ride with you in the front seat of your vehicle at all times. In addition, drivers under the age of 18 cannot have more passengers in the vehicle than the number of seat belts. If you fail the knowledge test, the examiner will return the Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application and your Parent or Guardian Consent Form to you. You may take the knowledge test only one time on any day regardless of test location. Keep your forms in a safe place since you must bring them with you when you are tested again. The forms are valid for one (1) year from the date of your physical examination; however, the physical examination date may not be more than 60 days prior to your 16th birthday. If you are using your learner s permit for driving outside of the state of Pennsylvania, please check with your insurance company and the other state s Department of Transportation to make sure your learner s permit is valid. If any information on your learner s permit is not correct, bring proof of the correct information to the examiner when you come to the Driver License Center for testing. Social Security Number Information The Department is required by law to obtain your social security number, height and eye color under the provisions of Section 1510(a) and/or 1609(a)(4) of the Pennsylvania Vehicle Code. The information will be used as identifying information in an attempt to minimize driver license fraud. Your social security number is not part of your public driver s record. Federal law permits the use of the social security number by state licensing officials for purposes of identification. Your social security number will not be printed on your learner s permit or driver s license. Pennsylvania Vision Standards You may have poor vision in either eye and still be able to obtain a driver s license; however, you may be required to wear glasses or contact lenses, be restricted to daylight driving or be allowed to operate only vehicles equipped with outside mirrors. If your vision fails to meet the vision standards, the examiner will give you a Report of Eye Examination (Form DL-102). You should have an optometrist, ophthalmologist or family physician test your vision and complete this form. When the form is completed, you may return to the Driver License Center to continue testing. Who Needs a Pennsylvania Driver s License? Foreign License Holders: Pennsylvania honors a valid foreign driver s license with an international driving permit for a period of up to one year. If the foreign license and/or international driving permit expires before one year, the individual must apply for a Pennsylvania learner s permit to continue to drive in this state. An international driving permit is required ONLY if the foreign license is from a country that is not a part of the Geneva Convention or the foreign license is not in English. All holders of foreign licenses MUST 2

12 Chapter I apply for a Pennsylvania learner s permit if they wish to obtain a Pennsylvania driver s license. Reciprocity agreements exist with the countries of France and Germany allowing for the transfer of a valid noncommercial license without skills or knowledge testing; a visual screening test will be administered. People living in Pennsylvania who are at least 16 years of age and want to drive a motor vehicle. People who just moved into Pennsylvania and are establishing Pennsylvania residency. If you hold a valid driver s license from another state, you must get a Pennsylvania driver s license within 60 days after moving to Pennsylvania and surrender your out-of-state license. People in the United States Armed Forces whose legal address is in Pennsylvania. This includes members of the reserve components stationed in Pennsylvania, who must get a license to operate a non-military vehicle. Junior Permit Information When you apply for your learner s permit and you are under the age of 18, you will be asked to sign a Parent or Guardian Notification Form (DL-180PG) giving the Department permission to provide your parent or guardian information related to your driving record. If you do not sign the form, you will not be permitted to obtain a learner s permit. Your learner s permit will be valid for one (1) year from the date you pass your knowledge exam. During this time there are certain limitations on your driving privilege. They are: You may only drive under the supervision of a driver licensed in Pennsylvania who is at least 21 years of age or a spouse, guardian, or parent who is at least 18 years of age. The supervising driver must sit in the front passenger seat. You may not drive between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. unless your spouse, guardian or parent who is a driver licensed in Pennsylvania and is at least 18 years of age is with you. You may not carry more passengers than seat belts available in the vehicle you are driving. Junior Driver License Information Like the junior learner s permit, there are some limitations to the junior driver s license. They are: You may not drive between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. unless your spouse, guardian or parent who is a driver licensed in Pennsylvania and is at least 18 years of age is with you. However, you may drive between 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. if you are involved in public or charitable service, a member of a volunteer fire company or employed during those hours. In these cases, you must carry a notarized affidavit or certificate of authorization from your employer, supervisor or fire chief indicating your probable schedule of activities. This notarized affidavit should be kept with your license. You may not carry more passengers than seat belts available in the vehicle you are driving. You will receive a mandatory 90-day suspension if you accumulate six (6) or more points or are convicted of driving 26 miles per hour or more over the posted speed limit. You may get a regular license after you have held a junior license for one (1) year, if you meet the following conditions: - Have passed a driver training course approved by PENNDOT, - have not been involved in a crash for which you are partially or fully responsible for one (1) year, - have not been convicted of any violation of the Pennsylvania Vehicle Code for one (1) year, and - have the consent of your parent, guardian, person in loco parentis or spouse who is at least 18 years of age. If you meet these requirements you may apply for a regular license. Your junior license will automatically become a regular license when you turn 18 years of age. 3

13 Chapter I What Class of License Do You Need? In Pennsylvania, driver s licenses are issued specifically for the class and type of vehicle you operate. Therefore, the class of license you should have depends specifically upon the type of vehicle you operate. Generally speaking, the majority of applicants for a Pennsylvania driver s license will be operators of regular passenger vehicles, pick-up trucks or vans. This manual is designed to provide the information you need to get a non-commercial Class C license, which is the class that covers these types of vehicles. Class of Licenses CLASS A: Required to operate any combination of vehicles with a gross weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more, where the vehicle(s) being towed is/are in excess of 10,000 pounds. Example: Recreational vehicle when the towing vehicle is rated at 11,000 pounds and the vehicle towed is rated at 15,500 pounds (total combination weight of 26,500 pounds). CLASS B: Required to operate any single vehicle rated in excess of 26,000 pounds. Example: Motor homes rated at 26,001 pounds or more. CLASS C: A Class C driver s license will be issued to persons 16 years of age or older who have demonstrated their qualifications to operate any vehicles, except those requiring a Class M qualification, and who do not meet the definitions of Class A or Class B. Any firefighter or member of a rescue or emergency squad who is the holder of a Class C driver s license and who has a certificate of authorization from a fire chief or head of the rescue or emergency squad will be authorized to operate any fire or emergency vehicle registered to that fire department, rescue or emergency squad or municipality. The holder of a Class C driver s license is also authorized to drive a motorized pedalcycle (a motor-driven cycle) or a three-wheeled motorcycle equipped with an enclosed cab, but not a motorcycle. CLASS M: A Class M driver s license will be issued to those persons 16 years of age or older who have demonstrated their ability to operate a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle. If a person is qualified to operate only a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, he/she will be issued a Class M license. Please refer to the Pennsylvania Motorcycle Operator s Manual (Pub. 147). If your motorcycle is less than 50 CCs, a V restriction will appear on your license. This restriction prohibits you from operating a motorcycle 50 CCs or larger. COMMERCIAL CLASS A, B, or C: Drivers who need a commercial driver s license should obtain the Commercial Driver License Manual (Pub. 223), which contains detailed information necessary to prepare for the tests. TESTS Knowledge Test The Knowledge Test will measure your knowledge of traffic signs, Pennsylvania s driving laws and safe driving practices. The Knowledge Test can be given in oral form and in Spanish, upon request, at all Driver License Centers across the Commonwealth. If you fail the knowledge portion of the driver s test, you will be permitted to retake the test the following day. This test needs to be successfully completed before you can receive a valid learner s permit. The Knowledge or Learner s Permit Test will consist of 18 multiple choice questions. You will need to answer 15 questions correctly to pass the test. A sample question is printed below. In what state are you taking this exam? 1. Florida 2. Pennsylvania 3. Texas 4. California 4

14 Chapter I Road Test After you have received your valid learner s permit, you may go to any Driver License Center to take your Road Test unless you are under the age of 18. If you are under the age of 18, you must wait the mandatory 6 months from your permit issue date and have a signed Certificate of Completion for the 50 hours of skill-building before taking your Road Test. Appointments MUST be made to take the Non-Commercial Skills Test in most cases. To make an appointment or to find out if one is necessary, call between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except holidays. You will need to present the following items to the examiner prior to taking your Road Test. All items must be valid and for the correct vehicle. Your valid learner s permit. The completed certificate for 50 hours of behind-the-wheel training, if you are under the age of 18. The valid registration card for the vehicle you plan to drive for the test. Proof that the vehicle is currently insured. The valid driver s license of the person, who is at least 21 years of age or a spouse, guardian or parent who is at least 18 years of age, accompanying you to the Driver License Center. If you do not bring the original documents (not copies) listed above, you will NOT be given the test. Before the test begins, a driver license examiner will check to see that your vehicle has a valid registration card, current insurance, valid state inspection sticker and, if required, a valid emissions sticker. The lights, horn, brakes, windshield wipers, turn signals, mirrors, doors, seats and tires on your vehicle will also be checked to make certain that they operate properly and meet safety standards. If it is determined that any part of your vehicle is unsafe or does not meet state inspection requirements, you will not be allowed to take the Road Test. If your vehicle is equipped with safety belts, make sure they are clean and ready for use.you and the examiner will be required to wear them during the Road Test. If your vehicle passes this inspection, the examiner will test you to see if you can drive safely. You will fail the Road Test if you drive dangerously, violate the law, cause a crash, do not follow the examiner s instructions or make too many driving errors. The examiner MAY ask you to do the following prior to taking the Road Test: Vehicle Controls: Operate horn, lights (parking lights, high and low beam headlights, turn signals), windshield wipers, parking (emergency) brake, 4-way flashers (hazard lights), defroster, etc. Failure to properly operate any of the vehicle controls will result in a failure of your driving test. Parallel Park: Park your vehicle midway between two (2) uprights 24 feet apart. The examiner will be your only passenger during the Road Test. When the Road Test begins, you will be told where to drive and what maneuvers to make. Close attention will be paid to the way you approach and obey warning signs, stop signs and traffic lights. The examiner will note how you control your vehicle, use turn signals to communicate with other drivers or use any other vehicle controls that may become necessary during the test (refer to Vehicle Controls ). 5

15 Chapter I If You Pass the Road Test If you pass the Road Test, the examiner will endorse your learner s permit. You may drive with your endorsed learner s permit for 120 days. You will receive your camera card at most Driver License Centers after passing the Road Test. If not, your camera card will be mailed to you within 45 days, along with a list of Photo License Centers where you may have your photo taken. This camera card is your temporary license and is valid for 60 days. Sign this card immediately and take it along with one of the forms of identification listed below containing your signature to the Photo License Center of your choice and have your photo taken. You will receive your photo driver s license at this time. After 60 days, your camera card can no longer be used as a temporary license but may still be taken to a Photo License Center to receive your photo driver s license. Acceptable forms of identification at the Photo License Centers are: Pennsylvania Learner s Permit or a Temporary License issued by PENNDOT Passport Certification of United States Citizenship Certification of Naturalization Expired Pennsylvania Photographic Driver s License Pennsylvania Photographic Identification Card Photographic Employee Identification Card Photographic Military Identification Card Weapons Permit Pennsylvania Vehicle Registration Card Pennsylvania Photographic Welfare Card Photographic Bank Identification Card Photographic School Identification Card Voter Registration Card Medicaid Card If You Fail the Road Test Below are some examples of possible reasons for failing the Road Test: Inability to operate any vehicle controls Violating any traffic laws (e.g., failing to obey a stop sign) Causing a crash Driving dangerously or recklessly Failing to wear your safety belt Making errors in safe driving practices Failing to follow instructions given by the examiner Not using turn signals when attempting to parallel park If you are under the age of 18 and fail the Road Test, you will be required to wait seven (7) days before you can retake the Road Test. This delay in retaking the test will give you time to practice and to improve your driving skills.you have three (3) chances with each learner s permit to pass the Road Test before the permit s expiration date. After the third failure, you must reapply to extend your learner s permit. If you do not pass your Road Test after three (3) tries or if your learner s permit expires, you may obtain an Application to Add/Extend/Replace/Change/Correct Non-Commercial Learner s Permit (Form DL-31). If you have not taken or successfully completed the Road Test within three (3) years of your physical examination date, you MUST start over with another Non-Commercial Learner s Permit Application and retake the Knowledge Test. 6

16 Chapter II SIGNALS, SIGNS, AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS This chapter will provide the information you need to know about Pennsylvania roadways. The areas addressed include: Signals Signs Pavement Markings SIGNALS Traffic signals are installed at intersections to control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Traffic signals are arranged in either vertical lines or horizontal lines. When they are arranged vertically, red is always on top and green on the bottom. When they are arranged horizontally, red is always on the left and green on the right. Red, Yellow and Green Traffic Lights and Arrows When a light is steady red, you must stop before crossing the marked stop line or crosswalk. If you do not see any lines, stop before entering the intersection. Wait for a green light before you start. You may turn right while the light is red unless a No Turn on Red sign is posted at the intersection. You must first stop and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. You may also turn left after you stop at a red light if you are in the left lane and are turning left from a one-way street onto another one-way street, unless a sign tells you not to turn. You must first stop and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. A steady yellow light tells you that a red light will soon appear. If you are driving toward an intersection and a yellow light appears, slow down and prepare to stop. If you are within the intersection or cannot stop safely before entering the intersection, continue through carefully. A green light means you may drive through the intersection if the road is clear.you may also turn right or left unless a sign tells you not to. However, when turning, you must yield to other vehicles and pedestrians within the intersection. A green arrow means you may turn the way the arrow points. If the green arrow goes off and a circular green light follows, you may still turn in that direction, but first yield to pedestrians and vehicles. A yellow arrow means the movement permitted by the green arrow is about to end. You should slow down and prepare to stop completely before entering the intersection. Although not common in Pennsylvania, a red arrow is frequently used in many other states. It means that you may not turn in the direction that the arrow points. 7

17 Chapter II Flashing Signals A flashing red light has the same meaning as a STOP sign. You must come to a complete stop, look and proceed only after the intersection is clear. A flashing yellow light means caution. Slow down, look and proceed carefully. Non-Functioning Traffic Lights A non-functioning traffic signal should be treated as though it were a stop sign. Lane Use Control Signals Special signals may also be placed directly over traffic lanes to control traffic. These signals show how specific lanes of a street or highway should be used. A steady downward green arrow over a traffic lane means you may use the lane. X A steady yellow X over a traffic lane means that you must change lanes. Get ready to leave the lane safely. X A steady red X over a lane means you are not allowed to use the traffic lane. X A flashing yellow X over a traffic lane means that you may use the lane only to make left turns. Pedestrian Signals (Motorists Must Yield to Pedestrians) Pedestrians must obey traffic and pedestrian signals. The pedestrian signals they must obey are the WALK and DON T WALK lights, or the lighted picture of a walking person (meaning walk), and an upraised hand (meaning don t walk). If there are no pedestrian signals at the intersection, pedestrians must obey the red, yellow and green traffic lights. PUSH BUTTON FOR Some pedestrian signals change the WALK and DON T WALK lights automatically. Other pedestrian signals will not change unless you push the button. In order to change the traffic signal from DON T WALK to WALK, you have to push the pedestrian walk button to cross the street in the direction of the arrow. 8

18 Chapter II DONT WALK When the steady DON T WALK message or steady upraised hand is displayed, do not cross. DONT WALK When the flashing DON T WALK or flashing upraised hand begins: a. Finish crossing if you are in the street. b. DO NOT START TO CROSS if you have not left the curb. WALK When a steady or flashing WALK or walking person comes on, start crossing, but watch for turning vehicles. Blind Pedestrians When driving near a blind pedestrian who is carrying a white cane or walking with a guide dog, you must slow down, yield the right-of-way and proceed with caution. Be prepared to stop your vehicle in order to prevent injury or danger to the pedestrian. Railroad Crossing Signal Drivers are alerted when approaching a railroad crossing by the railroad crossing sign. Railroad crossings should be approached with caution at all times. Always look both ways and listen for any approaching trains or signals before proceeding across the railroad tracks. You are also required to stop at all railroad crossings when there is a signal of an approaching train. These signals include flashing red lights, a crossing gate lowered, a flagger signaling or a train s audible signal of warning. DO NOT move forward or attempt to go around any gate or ignore any signal of an approaching train. Proceed with caution only after all signals are completed and then only when there is evidence that no trains are approaching the crossing. You should also stop if a train is approaching a crossing and has sounded its audible signal from approximately 1,500 feet before the crossing or is plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to the crossing. Do not stop your vehicle on a railroad track, regardless of whether or not a train appears to be coming. If traffic is backed up because of a traffic signal, stop sign, or for any other reason, make sure you stop your vehicle in a location where it will be entirely clear of any railroad tracks. OBEY RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNS AND SIGNALS 9

19 Chapter II SIGNS Signs are divided into three basic categories. Each has its own special shape. The three categories are Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs. Regulatory Signs Regulatory signs indicate what you may or may not do. They advise you about speed limits, the direction of traffic, turning restrictions, parking, etc. Usually regulatory signs are vertical rectangles or squares, but STOP and YIELD signs are different. STOP EXCEPT RIGHT TURN The STOP sign is the only eight-sided or octagon-shaped sign you see on the highway. At an intersection with a STOP sign, you MUST stop and wait for pedestrians and cross traffic to clear the intersection before you go again. Slowing down without coming to a full stop is illegal. When you see a crosswalk or a stop line, stop before the front of your car reaches the painted line. If you cannot see traffic, yield to any pedestrians, then carefully pull forward past the line until you can see clearly. Stop, check for traffic and pedestrians, then go ahead when the intersection is clear. Used in conjunction with stop signs, this sign allows motorists to make the right turn without stopping. STOP 4-WAY A FOUR-WAY STOP sign means that there are four stop signs at this intersection. Traffic from all four directions must stop. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first. If two vehicles reach the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. YIELD signs are triangular (3-sided) in shape. When you see this sign, you must slow down and check for traffic and give the right-of-way to pedestrians and approaching cross traffic. You stop only when it is necessary. Proceed when you can do so safely without interfering with normal traffic flow. Remember, you must have a sufficient gap in traffic before you can continue on at either STOP or YIELD sign locations. TO ONCOMING TRAFFIC This sign is used in conjunction with a yield sign at a one-lane bridge or underpass location to alert motorists that the one-lane roadway requires them to yield the right-ofway to opposing traffic. 10

20 Chapter II The DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs work as a team. The DO NOT ENTER sign is put at the beginning of one-way streets and ramps. When you see this sign, do not drive onto that street. WRONG WAY signs are placed farther down the ramp or one-way street. They are placed there to catch your attention if you accidentally turn onto the street or ramp. DO NOT ENTER WRONG WAY This sign prohibits U-turns. Do not make a complete turn to go in the opposite direction. This sign indicates that right turns are prohibited. Do not make a right turn at this intersection. The following signs are located where certain actions or vehicles are prohibited at any or all times: NO TRUCKS NO BICYCLES NO PEDESTRIAN NO PARKING CROSSING NO PASSING ZONE This sign marks the beginning of a no passing zone. This sign is placed on the left side of the road facing the driver. DO NOT PASS The DO NOT PASS sign may be placed in areas where passing any vehicles going in the same direction is prohibited. This sign indicates that, at the intersection ahead, traffic in the left lane must turn left and traffic in the adjoining lane may turn left or continue straight. 11

21 Chapter II These signs are over the lane they control to show that traffic may proceed through the intersection or turn in a particular direction. ONLY ONLY TURN TO STRAIGHT OR TURN RIGHT TURN LEFT LEFT OR RIGHT TURN RIGHT ONLY ONLY CENTER LANE LEFT TURN ONLY signs indicate where a lane is reserved for the exclusive use of left turning vehicles in either direction and is not to be used for through traffic or passing. This sign directs drivers to keep to the right of the traffic island or divider. SPEED LIMIT 65 A SPEED LIMIT sign indicates the maximum legal speed for the stretch of highway where it is posted. RESERVED PARKING This sign marks areas where parking is reserved for disabled persons or severely disabled veterans. Vehicles parked in these spaces must display authorized registration plates or parking placards. Unauthorized vehicles parked in these spaces are subject to a fine and towing costs. NO TURN ON RED You may not turn right or left during the red light where these signs are posted.you must wait for the signal to turn green. LEFT TURN YIELD ON GREEN These signs indicate that a left turn is permitted, but you must yield to oncoming traffic. 12

22 Chapter II OPPOSING TRAFFIC HAS EXTENDED GREEN These signs are posted where opposing traffic may continue to move after your signal has turned red. WAIT FOR GREEN These signs are posted at intersections where opposing traffic has an advanced green light while your signal remains red. A right turn is permitted on red if you can do it safely. Warning Signs Warning signs tell you what to expect ahead. They warn you about conditions on or near the roadway. They are posted before the condition, so you can be prepared. Warning signs are usually diamond shaped with black symbols or messages on yellow backgrounds. CHEVRON SIGN. A sharp curve in the road in the direction of the arrow. RIGHT CURVE. Maintain a safe speed and keep to the right of your lane. The road will curve sharply to the right. LEFT CURVE. Maintain a safe speed and keep well to the right of your lane. The road will curve sharply to the left. SERIES OF CURVES. Several curves are ahead. Drive slowly and carefully. ROAD ENTERING CURVE. The main road curves to the left with a side road entering from the right. 13

23 Chapter II This sign identifies curves where trucks traveling at excessive speed have a potential to rollover. ADVISORY SPEED SIGN. The highest speed you should travel around the curve ahead is 35 miles per hour. Advisory speed signs may be used with any diamond-shaped warning sign. 35 M.P.H. MERGING TRAFFIC. Traffic may be merging into your lane from another roadway. TWO-WAY TRAFFIC AHEAD. The one-way street or roadway ahead ends. You will then be facing oncoming traffic. DIVIDED HIGHWAY AHEAD. The highway ahead is divided into two one-way roadways. Keep to the right. DIVIDED HIGHWAY ENDS. The divided highway on which you are traveling ends ahead. You will then be on a roadway with two-way traffic. Keep to the right. LANE ENDS. In this example, traffic in the right lane must merge left. Drivers in the left lane should allow others to merge smoothly. The signs below show types of intersections. They warn you about possible problems with crossing vehicles, turning vehicles, or vehicles traveling your way that may be turning. Watch out for these problems whenever you approach intersections. T Y CROSS ROAD SIDE ROAD INTERSECTION INTERSECTION 14

24 Chapter II NARROW BRIDGE OR UNDERPASS AHEAD. SLIPPERY WHEN WET. In wet weather, reduce your speed. Do not speed up or brake quickly. Make turns at a very slow speed. LOW CLEARANCE. Do not enter if your vehicle is taller than the height listed on the sign. HILL/DOWNGRADE. There is a steep hill ahead. Slow down and be ready to shift to a lower gear to control speed and save brakes. TRAFFIC SIGNAL AHEAD. Traffic signals are present at intersection ahead. Slow down; the signal may not be immediately visible. STOP SIGN AHEAD. Slow down; the stop sign may not be immediately visible. BICYCLE CROSSING AHEAD. PEDESTRIAN CROSSING. Used at or in advance of marked crosswalks to warn you that pedestrians may be crossing. SCHOOL. You are near a school zone. Watch for children. 15

25 Chapter II SCHOOL CROSSING. Slow down; you are near a marked crossing. Watch for children crossing the road. Stop if necessary. Obey signals from any crossing guards. R R RAILROAD CROSSING. BICYCLE/MOTOR VEHICLE SHARE THE ROAD. Used at roadway pinch points (no shoulder, narrow lanes, etc.) to warn you, as a motorist, to provide adequate space for bicyclists to share the roadway. This sign is posted in areas where slow moving horse-drawn vehicles cross or share the roadway with motorized vehicles. Objects Adjacent to the Roadway Objects not actually in the roadway may be so close to the edge of the road that they need a marker to warn the driver of a potential danger. These include underpass supports, ends of bridges, handrails, and the concrete structure found at the end of a pipe. In some cases, there may not be a physical object involved, but rather a roadside condition such as drop-offs or abrupt changes in the roadway alignment that also create a potentially dangerous condition for the driver. Such roadside objects and conditions are indicated by the following markers: HAZARD IS TO THE LEFT HAZARD IS TO THE RIGHT Work Zone Signs Work Zone Signs are normally shaped like warning signs, but they are black and orange. These signs are used only near maintenance, construction or utility areas. They are placed on or near the roadway. Stay alert and slow down when you see these signs. ROAD WORK AHEAD Road work ahead. 16

26 Chapter II RIGHT LANE CLOSED 1000 FT Right lane will be closed 1,000 feet ahead. A flagger will be controlling traffic. Electronic Arrow Panels Large electronic flashing arrow panels placed in the roadway or mounted on vehicles advise approaching motorists of lane closures. Begin your merge well in advance of the sign. MOVE / MERGE RIGHT MOVE / MERGE LEFT An arrow panel displaying either of the following messages indicates there is a work area ahead adjacent to the travel lane and to drive with extra caution. CAUTION FINES DOUBLED IN WORK AREAS May be used in work areas to advise motorists that fines for moving violations committed within the work area WILL BE DOUBLED. Flagger Ahead When approaching a work zone, pay special attention to flaggers who may signal you to stop or slow down. As shown below, they use a STOP and SLOW paddle: TRAFFIC MUST STOP TRAFFIC MAY MOVE SLOWLY 17

27 Chapter II Guide Signs Guide signs give information on intersecting roads, help direct you to cities and towns, and show points of interest along the highway. Guide signs also help you find hospitals, service stations, restaurants and motels. Usually these signs are horizontal rectangles. Freeway / Expressway Guide Signs The following three signs are examples of freeway and expressway guide signs. They are green with white letters. Most freeway and expressway signs are posted the same way. For example, there is usually one advance sign which is followed by another advance sign. The third sign then is posted at the exit. Several signs are necessary because the high speed and heavy traffic on highways can cause drivers to miss seeing a single sign. Also, motorists may need to make one or more lane changes to exit. Note: If the exit sign is located on the top right of the guide sign, the exit will be on the right side of the highway. If the exit sign is located on the top left of the sign, the exit will be on the left side of the highway. EXITS 30 E-W 22 Colonial Park Progress 2 MILES EXITS 30 E-W 22 Colonial Park Progress 1 MILE 22 EXIT 30 E EAST Colonial Park Beginning in 2001, exit numbers are being revised to correspond with the 'mile markers' similar to states to the west and south of Pennsylvania. This change will allow motorists to quickly calculate distances between exits, e.g., the distance between Exit 95 and Exit 20 is 75 miles. If a yellow panel with the message EXIT ONLY is on a freeway sign, the lane below the sign will not continue through the interchange. Instead, the lane will go off the road to form a ramp. If you are in a lane posted with an EXIT ONLY sign but do not wish to exit, change lanes, or you will be forced to exit. EXIT 30 -W EXIT 30 W EXIT 22 WEST 22 Progress 1 MILE ONLY WEST Progress EXIT ONLY Signs showing street names are among the smallest guide signs. In many municipalities, you can find your way by reading street name signs. Colors and styles of these signs will vary. E MAIN ST 18

28 Chapter II Service Signs The following signs are examples of service signs. They are square or rectangular and are blue with white letters or symbols. They show the location of various services. HOSPITAL TELEPHONE FOOD GAS LODGING Tourist-Oriented Directional Signs 3 Susquehanna Indian Museum These signs are square or rectangular and may also be green or brown with white lettering. They direct motorists to tourist attractions such as museums, historical landmarks or state or national parks. Interstate Route Numbering System 80 The routes are specially numbered to help motorists find their way through unfamiliar areas. A code is used to show if the route travels east and west, or north and south, and to show if the route is in the eastern, middle or western United States. The red, white, and blue shield sign shows that the highway is an Interstate traffic route. Decoding the Interstate Route Numbering System The numbers on the Interstate shield can be a great navigational aid when you understand how they are developed. They generally follow the pattern below: One or two-digit even-numbered Interstates are generally east-west routes. Nationally, the numbers increase from I-10 in the south to I-94 in the north. In Pennsylvania, Route I-76 is in the southern part of the state and Routes I-84 and I-80 are in the northern part. One or two-digit odd-numbered Interstates are generally north-south routes. Numbers increase from the west coast I-5 to the east coast I-95. In Pennsylvania, I-79 is in the western part of the state, and I- 95 is in the eastern area. Three-digit numbered Interstate highways connect to other major highways. If the first of the three digits is an even number, the highway usually connects to Interstate highways at both ends, such as I-276 in Philadelphia. Many times such routes are known as loops or beltways. When the first of the three digits is an odd number, the highway is usually a spur route that connects with another Interstate at only one end, sometimes going into a city center such as I-180 in Williamsport. Route Markers The following signs indicate the route on which you are traveling. 22 The route marker shows that the road is a U.S. traffic route. 19

29 Chapter II 39 The keystone marker shows that the road is a Pennsylvania traffic route. JCT 22 The junction plate shows that you are approaching the intersection of U.S. Route 22. WEST 22 The route marker shows that you are traveling west on U.S. 22. WEST 22 This supplemental arrow on the route marker assembly means you are approaching a right turn to continue on U.S. 22 West. TO 22 The route marker sign and TO trailblazer sign and the supplemental arrow means that if you want to gain access to U.S. 22, you must continue ahead. Mile Markers Mile Markers are used on some freeways to indicate the number of miles from the point where MILE 4 4 the traffic route entered the state, or from its beginning if it does not extend to the state borders. The numbers start at zero in the western part of the state for east-west roadways and in the southern part of the state for north-south roadways. The numbers increase as you travel east or north and decrease as you travel west or south. For example, when you enter Pennsylvania from the west on Route I-80, the mile markers begin at Mile 1 and increase as you travel east. Knowing how to read mile markers can help you to know exactly where you are and give an approximate location if you have to call for roadside assistance. 20

30 Chapter II PAVEMENT MARKINGS Most roads have permanent markings to show the center of the road, travel lanes or road edges. These pavement markings also indicate special lane use. Yellow lines divide traffic traveling in opposite directions. White lines divide lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction. As a general rule, broken traffic lines can be crossed and solid lines cannot, except when making a turn. Some examples of different pavement markings and their meanings follow: A single broken yellow centerline shows the center of a two-way, two-lane road. Passing is permitted on either side if safe conditions exist. A double solid yellow centerline shows the center of a two-way road. Even if it is not marked NO PASSING, passing by traffic traveling in either direction is not allowed on roads marked in this manner. The combination of a solid yellow and a broken yellow centerline also shows the center of a two-way roadway. You may pass if the broken line is on your side of the road and safe conditions exist, but you may not pass when a solid yellow line is on your side of the road. 21

31 Chapter II Marking patterns like the ones shown below may be found on many three-lane highways. The solid yellow centerline means you cannot use the center lane for passing. The broken yellow centerlines show that vehicles traveling in either direction may use the center lane only to make left turns. TURNING LANE ONLY Multi-lane highways without medians (center dividers) are often marked as pictured below. Broken white lines show which lanes can be used by vehicles traveling the same way. You may cross the broken white lines to pass, but you may not cross the double yellow centerlines to pass. The lane to the left of the yellow centerline is for traffic traveling in the opposite direction. The pattern shown below is used on most limited access highways with medians (center dividers). The right edge of the road is marked with a solid white line. The left edge of each side is marked by a solid yellow line. The traffic lanes for each side are marked by white broken lines, which may be crossed. 22

32 Chapter III LEARNING TO DRIVE This chapter will provide most of the information you will need to become a safe driver. Becoming a safe driver involves developing your driving skills while adapting to the environment around you. The areas addressed include: Vehicle Safety and Emissions Inspection Preparing to Drive Developing Your Driving Skills Adjusting Speed Special Circumstances Emergency Driving Skills Keeping in Shape for Driving Trip Planning VEHICLE SAFETY AND EMISSIONS INSPECTION Your vehicle must have a safety inspection, performed at an authorized inspection station, every 12 months. The number on the sticker indicates the date when your vehicle must be inspected again. Vehicles may be inspected up to 90 days before their inspection expiration date. Drivers are required to maintain their car in a safe condition. If faulty equipment is noticed by a police officer, the driver could be warned to repair the problem within five days or risk a citation. The emissions inspection program covers all gasoline-powered, model year 1975 or newer cars, vans and light-duty trucks weighing 9,000 pounds or less. Inspections are performed at privately owned garages and service stations certified by PENNDOT. Inspection fees can vary. You must get your vehicle s emissions inspection before you can complete your safety inspection. To find out if vehicles in your county are subject to emissions inspection or to obtain more information about the emissions program, call the emissions customer hotline at PREPARING TO DRIVE It is important that you take a few moments to prepare yourself to drive. Here are a few important things you should do before you start the vehicle: Adjust the Driver s Seat Find the control for adjusting the driver s seat and adjust your seat so you can easily reach the pedals and other controls. In your owner s manual, you can find information telling you how to adjust your car s equipment. If the seat is too low, use a seat cushion. Fasten your Seat Belt Everyone should buckle up with both lap AND shoulder belts on every trip. The seat belt should be worn low and snug on the hips and tight across the shoulder. When airbags are in the vehicle, driver and front passenger seats should be moved as far back as practical. In Pennsylvania, front seat passengers are required by law to be buckled up. If you are under 18 years of age, you may only carry as many passengers as seat belts in your vehicle. Children 12 and under should ride buckled up in the rear seat. (See Chapter V for additional information on Child Restraint Laws.) 23

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